Counterfactuals and Causal Models: Introduction to the Special Issue
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Preface INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON CAUSAL DISCOVERY
Many empirical sciences, including the social sciences and life sciences, aim to study causal relationships. Researchers in these fields need computational methods for analyzing observed data and identifying causal structures among a set of variables. Such computational methods enable researchers to draw conclusions on the basis of both their assumptions and the observed data. Moreover, these m...
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Background Over the past 50 years, ILSAs have experienced marked development in terms of scope, participants, and sophistication. The first such study, the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement’s Pilot Twelve Country Study was completed in 1961 and measured achievement in math, reading, geography, science, and so-called non-verbal ability (Forshay et al. 1962)....
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Although recent frameworks for test validation have emphasized utilization as a key component (e.g. Bachman & Palmer, 2010; Chapelle, 2012; Kane, 1992), what happens in the sometimes messy contexts where assessments are carried out is often not documented. This is perhaps because test developers are more focused on defining and operationalizing test constructs than on issues of implementation. ...
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On one view, an adequate account of causal understanding may focus exclusively on what is involved in mastering general causal concepts (concepts such as ‘x causes y’ or ‘p causally explains q’). An alternative view is that causal understanding is, partly but irreducibly, a matter of grasping what Anscombe called special causal concepts, concepts such as ‘push’, ‘flatten’, or ‘knock over’. We c...
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119 © 2013 Guilford Publications, Inc. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to either Kai Jonas, Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands, E-mail: [email protected]; or Joseph Cesario, Psychology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, E-mail: [email protected]. JONAS AND CESARIO INTR...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Cognitive Science
سال: 2013
ISSN: 0364-0213
DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12064